RAN for Multimedia Delivery

ABSTRACT

A method is disclosed for avoiding unnecessary keepalive data transfers, comprising: receiving, at an upstream TCP connection endpoint in a radio access network (RAN) from an operator core network, an Internet Protocol (IP) packet; performing, at the upstream TCP connection endpoint, shallow packet inspection on the IP packet; and forwarding the IP packet to the downstream TCP connection endpoint in the RAN if the IP packet is not a keepalive packet, based on the performed shallow packet inspection. The upstream TCP connection endpoint in the RAN may be one of a nodeB, an eNodeB, a base transceiver station (BTS), a coordinating server, and a mobile edge computing (MEC) gateway. The downstream TCP connection endpoint in the RAN may be one of the nodeB, the eNodeB, or the base transceiver station (BTS).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of, and claims benefit under 35U.S.C. § 120 of, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/243,002, filed Jan.8, 2019 and entitled “RAN for Multimedia Delivery,” which itself is acontinuation of, and claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of, U.S.patent application Ser. No. 16/012,105, filed Jun. 19, 2018 and entitled“RAN for Multimedia Delivery,” which itself is a continuation of, andclaims benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of, U.S. patent application Ser.No. 15/260,315, filed Sep. 8, 2016 and entitled “RAN for MultimediaDelivery,” which itself claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/215,562, havingattorney docket no. PWS-71845US00, filed on Sep. 8, 2015 and entitled“RAN for Multimedia Delivery,” each of which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety for all purposes. Additionally, U.S. Pat. No.8,867,418, “Methods of Incorporating an Ad Hoc Cellular Network into aFixed Cellular Network,” filed Feb. 18, 2014, and U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/936,267, “Self-Calibrating and Self-AdjustingNetwork,” filed Nov. 9, 2015, are each incorporated in their entiretiesfor all purposes, having attorney docket numbers PWS-71710US01 andPWS-71775US01, respectively.

BACKGROUND

On today's mobile networks, it is desirable to provide fast, responsivemobile video. However, this is technically challenging because videorequires high data rates and low latency. As well, handling a smallnumber of video streams is relatively simple, but as the number of videostreams goes up, the bandwidth required increases as a multiple of thenumber of streams, which rapidly becomes unsustainable with tens orhundreds of users watching multi-megabit video streams.

One traditional way that video performance can be improved is by cachingpopular video files and serving them from a content cache, which can belocated at the edge of the public Internet or within the operator corenetwork, e.g., at a content delivery network (CDN). The content cachecan be accessed via the operator core network with lower latency andwith fewer throughput issues on its way to the operator core network.However, this approach does not provide any particular advantages fordealing with the constraints of mobile backhaul and the mobilitymanagement required for supporting wireless mobile users.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, a system for dynamic content rerouting is disclosed,comprising: an operator core network; a plurality of mesh network nodescomprising a mesh network in communication with the operator corenetwork, the mesh network nodes each providing a radio access network touser equipments; and a gateway node acting as a gateway to the operatorcore network for the mesh network, wherein the gateway node furthercomprises a routing management function configured to push routes to theplurality of mesh network nodes for different types of traffic, each ofthe routes comprising a path through the mesh network to the operatorcore network.

The operator core network may be a long term evolution (LTE) evolvedpacket core (EPC), the plurality of mesh network nodes may each bemulti-radio access technology (multi-RAT) nodes with Wi-Fi meshcapability, and the mesh network may have a wired backhaul connection tothe operator core network or a wireless macro cell backhaul connectionto the operator core network. The routing management function may push afirst route to the plurality of mesh network nodes identifying a firstmesh egress route and a second route to the plurality of mesh networknodes identifying a second mesh egress route.

The routing management function may push a first route to the pluralityof mesh network nodes for downlink traffic and a second route to theplurality of mesh network nodes for uplink traffic; or may push a firstroute to the plurality of mesh network nodes for a video content typeand a second route to the plurality of mesh network nodes for anon-interactive content type; or may push a first route to the pluralityof mesh network nodes for a metered content type and a second route tothe plurality of mesh network nodes for a non-metered content type; ormay push a particular route to the plurality of mesh network nodes for aparticular user device.

Each of the mesh network nodes may perform shallow packet inspection todetermine a 5-tuple comprising a source Internet protocol (IP) address,a destination IP address, a source IP port, a destination IP port, andan IP protocol type of a received packet, and to select a route to thereceived packet based on the determined 5-tuple.

The routing management function may push updated routes in case of afailure scenario.

In another embodiment, a system architecture is disclosed, comprising:an operator core network; a plurality of mesh network nodes comprising amesh network in communication with the operator core network, the meshnetwork nodes each providing a radio access network to user equipments;and a gateway node acting as a gateway to the operator core network forthe mesh network, the plurality of mesh network nodes furthercomprising: a first mesh network node configured to utilize the meshnetwork to connect to the operator core network, a second mesh networknode configured to utilize an unlicensed Wi-Fi connection to connect tothe operator core network, and a third mesh network node configured toutilize a licensed wireless connection to connect to the operator corenetwork. The gateway node may further comprise a content caching modulefor caching content to be delivered to users.

In another embodiment, a method is disclosed for delivering a packetdata flow across a radio access network (RAN), comprising: receiving, atan upstream gateway node, an Internet Protocol (IP) data flow; sending,from the upstream gateway node, the IP data flow to a RAN; receiving, atthe upstream gateway node, a congestion control message from the RANbased on a request for retransmission of the IP data flow at the RAN toa user equipment (UE); and performing, at the upstream gateway node, IPflow control of the IP data flow based on the congestion controlmessage.

The RAN may be an eNodeB in a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. Themethod may further comprise buffering, at the upstream gateway node, theIP data flow. The congestion flow control message can be received at theupstream gateway node using an X2 application protocol (X2AP) message.The congestion flow control message can be a message indicating that: ahybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) request was received at the RAN;that a radio modulation change is imminent; that a signal to noise ratioat an eNodeB for the UE has crossed a threshold; or that a UE isexpected to perform a handover. Performing, at the upstream gatewaynode, IP flow control may comprise: avoiding IP retransmissions andbackoff; buffering the IP data flow; or sending IP retransmissionrequests to cause the IP data flow to be regulated at a particular datarate. The method may further comprise maintaining, at the upstreamgateway node, a transport control protocol (TCP) timer for performing IPflow control of the data flow, and maintaining, at the RAN, a hybridautomatic repeat request (HARQ) timer. The IP data flow may be a videodata flow. The method may further comprise performing transcoding ortransrating of a video data flow at the upstream gateway node.

In another embodiment, a method is disclosed for avoiding unnecessarykeepalive data transfers, comprising: receiving, at an upstream gatewaynode between a radio access network (RAN) and an operator core network,an Internet Protocol (IP) packet; performing, at the upstream gatewaynode, shallow packet inspection on the IP packet; and forwarding the IPpacket to the RAN if the IP packet is not a keepalive packet, based onthe performed shallow packet inspection.

The RAN may be a base transceiver station (BTS), nodeB, or evolved nodeB(eNodeB). The shallow packet inspection may be configured to determine a5-tuple comprising a source Internet protocol (IP) address, adestination IP address, a source IP port, a destination IP port, and anIP protocol type of a received packet. The shallow packet inspection maybe configured to compare a value of a keepalive field on the keepalivepacket with a known value for a keepalive packet of the keepalive field,the value of the keepalive field being set by an upstream node.

The method may further comprise setting, at the upstream gateway node, akeepalive field on the keepalive packet to a keepalive field value, andidentifying, at the RAN, the IP packet as a keepalive packet based onthe set keepalive field value. The method may further compriseallocating fewer resource blocks to deliver the keepalive packet at ascheduler at the RAN. The method may further comprise reducing atransport control protocol (TCP) connection close timer at a gateway ina wireless operator core network to reduce a likelihood of radio accessbearer (RAB) reestablishment due to reception of additional data over ahalf-closed TCP connection.

In another embodiment, a method is disclosed for reducing packet lossduring mobile device handover, comprising: prospectively sending, from aradio access network (RAN) node to an upstream gateway node incommunication with an operator core network, a handover notificationthat a user equipment (UE) will be handed over from a source basestation to a target base station; buffering, at the upstream gatewaynode, internet protocol (IP) packets in an IP packet flow instead offorwarding the IP packets to the source base station; and delivering thebuffered IP packets from the upstream gateway node to the target basestation after completion of handover of the UE, thereby handing over theUE from the source base station to the target base station with areduction of packet loss.

Prospectively sending the handover notification may occur at the sourcebase station or at the target base station. Prospectively sending thehandover notification may be based on determined UE velocity, measuredsignal to noise ratio (SNR) falloff, or a handover request message fromthe UE. The method may further comprise acting, at the upstream gatewaynode, as a transparent back to back user agent (B2BUA) toward a sourceof the IP packet flow and toward the target base station. The IP packetflow may be a video packet flow, and the method may further compriseperforming, at the upstream gateway node, transrating or transcoding ofthe IP packet flow. The IP packet flow may be a video packet flow, andthe method may further comprise requesting, from the upstream gatewaynode to a source content server of the IP packet flow, transcoding ortransrating of the IP packet flow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a system diagram showing a backhaul mesh network, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a second system diagram showing a mesh network with multiplebackhaul options, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram showing teardown of a TCP connection, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing keepalive handling, in accordance withsome embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing predictive buffering with flow control, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing video streaming with handover prediction,in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an enhanced base station, in accordancewith some embodiments.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a signaling coordinator server, inaccordance with some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An architecture and certain methods are described for improving theperformance of video and other real-time data streams on mobilenetworks. A mobile edge computing (MEC) platform is described wherein agateway node at the edge of the operator core network, e.g., between theradio access network and the rest of the core network, operates toimprove performance of video as it passes through the network.

As well, an architecture is described for providing flexible routing ina mesh network to ensure that video is handled using an appropriateroute through the mesh network, i.e., a dynamic content routingcapability, even as the mesh network is used to provide multiplebackhaul links, the multiple backhaul links thereby providing a biggerpipe that reduces or eliminates backhaul bottlenecks. As used herein,backhaul is used to mean a network link from a radio access networknode, such as a Long Term Evolution (LTE) eNodeB, to an operator corenetwork or to the public Internet. Backhaul links that may be providedmay include a license-assisted backhaul or in-band backhaul (LAB)modality, an unlicensed assist (ULA) backhaul modality, or various typesof wired backhaul modalities such as Ethernet or fiber. Backhaul linksmay also include mesh links to other nodes in a mesh network, with oneor more of the mesh nodes providing a mesh egress backhaul link to theoperator core network or to the public Internet. LAB is similar tolicense-assisted access (LAA) and makes it possible to aggregate LTE andunlicensed spectrum for backhaul and to enable an upstream MEC gatewayto make decisions as to what spectrum to use to deliver data.

The MEC gateway may provide a self-organizing network (SON) capability,a content caching capability, a back-to-back user agent (B2BUA)/proxycapability, a RAN virtualization capability to present a virtualizedrepresentation of RAN nodes to the core network, and other capabilitiesas elsewhere discussed herein and as discussed in the applicationsincorporated by reference above. The MEC gateway may make decisionsbased on quality of service (QoS), guaranteed QoS for different types ofapplications (e.g., VoLTE, mobile video, etc.), and other factors.Decisions may also be made based on network topology, congestion,predictive analysis of handovers, and other factors. The MEC gateway maymake routing decisions and may push these down as policies or as routesto each node in the mesh network. The MEC gateway may, for example,instruct a base station to offload video traffic onto unlicensedspectrum and to give other types of traffic onto licensed spectrum.Policies may be obtained from a policy server or determined at the MECgateway.

The mesh network may be made up of multi-radio access technology(multi-RAT) nodes with software-defined capabilities, multi-mode,multi-band radios, and self-healing and resilient mesh capability toroute around problems and to reestablish links that have becomecongested or have failed. The mesh nodes may use Wi-Fi as unlicensedassist (ULA) backhaul to connect to each other over unlicensed spectrum,complementing existing wired backhaul while enabling resilience. Themesh network may make up a heterogeneous network, in combination withother types of nodes, such as macro cells. In some instances, no wiredbackhaul may be used, with only power being needed, in conjunction withthe wireless backhaul modalities mentioned herein; in other instancesbatteries may be used. One antenna may be reserved for backhaul, whileone or more additional antennas may be used for providing access tousers, in some embodiments.

Multi-point to multi-point mesh topologies may be supported, as well asdaisy-chain topologies. In a mesh network, a few backhaul connectionsmay be shared among all nodes. With a multi-point to multi-point mesh,the backhaul needs of each mesh may be satisfied by reconfiguring thelinks in the mesh so that backhaul link load is spread out assymmetrically as possible across multiple wireless mesh links, in someembodiments, providing the same or similar user experience at each nodewith reduced delay over a bottlenecked backhaul configuration.

In some embodiments, two or more mesh networks may operate assemi-independent mesh clusters, linked via long-distance mesh links. Themesh clusters may share backhaul capacity with each other, and may shareaccess to content hosting, caching, and other capabilities that may beavailable in one cluster but not all the others.

In some embodiments, the above features may be combined within a singlenetwork. For example, a mesh fabric, license-assisted backhaul andunlicensed assist may be combined with a MEC gateway to provide aself-configuring, self-optimizing, self-healing mesh network withflexible backhaul options for any user joining the mesh. The MEC gatewaymay provide a number of features, including coordinating the mesh nodesdirectly, facilitating communication between the mesh nodes of link andcongestion conditions, facilitating handovers and communications to/fromthe core network, and other functions.

A description of several methods for improving delivery of media, suchas video streams, over radio access networks follows.

In one method, predictive buffering at a gateway node is used to manageflow control across both RAN and TCP environments. The two environmentshave different strategies for providing QoS and flow management;transport control protocol (TCP), owing to its use on the publicInternet, is resilient but does not take advantage of the speeds capablein a top-down control of an operator network or radio access network.TCP uses an exponential backoff strategy to exceed a maximum possiblebandwidth and back off slowly before identifying a maximum steady staterate of delivery, which causes inefficiencies by requiringretransmission of packets and sometimes lengthy backoff delays. Thesemethods guarantee delivery but take minutes to adjust to changedconditions.

By contrast, in a RAN, a centralized scheduler strictly allocatescapacity, and errors and retransmissions are typically required becauseof deterioration in the radio link due to environmental factors, e.g.,congestion, fading, user equipment (UE) motion, or other physicalfactors that affect the radio frequency (RF) propagation channel.Modulation changes may be used to increase or decrease data rates, butsuch changes are orchestrated by the base station directly.Retransmissions may be requested using, e.g., hybrid automatic repeatrequest (HARQ),

but are intended not to be needed at all in an ideal scenario and shouldbe avoided if possible as they reduce the efficiency of the channel.

The inventors have appreciated that improved efficiency could beachieved by avoiding TCP backoff on the wired network side, and byavoiding HARQs on the RAN side. To avoid TCP backoff, a bufferinggateway in the middle of network between a UE and a media server canreceive a data flow from the media server at a steady rate and can feedit to the UE as a back-to-back proxy or back-to-back user agent (B2BUA).The buffering gateway can silently handle HARQ requests or otherretransmission requests originated by the RAN without causing disruptionof the packet flow between the gateway and the media server, therebyavoiding backoff behavior. In effect, this approach separates flowcontrol with the TCP media server from flow control with the RAN and UE.

To avoid HARQs on the RAN side, the base station may monitor the numberof HARQs and, when the number exceeds a threshold, the base station maysend a message to the buffering server to reduce the data rate. In turn,when radio conditions improve and a higher speed modulation is selected,the base station may send a message to the buffering server to increasethe data rate.

Additionally, to further avoid HARQs on the RAN side, the causes of HARQshould be predicted and signals should be sent prospectively to themedia server, e.g., before changes happen. For example, if the RAN isaware that radio conditions are deteriorating, or requires a modulationchange resulting in a lower data rate, or a handover is about to occur,a RAN node can report this to the buffering gateway, which can in turnreduce the data rate of delivery of data to the UE before the RF channelchange, which will ensure smooth data flow without requiringretransmission requests or HARQs.

Ordinary RAN signaling such as SINR reports, measurement reports, andHARQs themselves can be identified and sent to the buffering server. TheRAN can inform the buffering server whether a transient interferenceevent is taking place.

A separate timer for both the TCP and the RAN side may be maintained; insome embodiments both may be at the buffering server, or the RAN timermay be at the base station and the timers may be coordinated with thebuffering gateway. IP packet sequence numbers may be tracked by thebuffering server for both the RAN and the TCP media server, ensuringthat even if HARQs or backoff do occur, each side sees the correct IPsequence number. Other aspects of state may be tracked by the gateway toprovide proxy service to each side. Per-flow tracking, per-UE trackingfor HARQ and other parameters, per-media server tracking, or other typesof state tracking may be used. Packet reordering may be performed at thebuffer.

In some embodiments, transcoding or transrating of the buffered videomay be performed at the buffering gateway to further provide flexibilityto the buffering gateway to enable the buffering gateway to increase ordecrease the data rate heading toward the RAN. This may be coordinatedwith the base station.

Coordination between the base station and the buffering gateway may beusing a proprietary protocol, a proprietary information element, an X2application protocol (X2AP) protocol, or another protocol. X2AP protocolmessages for communicating channel congestion and load may be used asdescribed in 3GPP TS 36.423, incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety. An application programming interface (API) may be used betweenthe gateway and the base station.

In another embodiment, the inventors have appreciated that a reductionin resource consumption may be possible by reducing the impact ofkeepalives and by terminating connections. Stateful connections arecommon on the public Internet and with the TCP protocol, partly becausethe protocol was designed on a network infrastructure with differentassumptions regarding cost, power, and resource reuse. This can be aproblem when a server on the Internet sends a message to a UE that turnsout to be only a “keepalive” message, e.g., a message containing nocontent but instead only requesting that the user respond to keep theconnection alive. Transmission of such “keepalive” messages requiresallocation of, and thereby unnecessary preemption of, radio resourceblocks at the scheduler at the base station, as well as activation ofUEs that may be in a power-saving IDLE state, which itself requires anexpensive paging procedure.

These negative effects can be avoided by silencing the keepalive at anupstream gateway. The upstream gateway may perform shallow packetinspection on packets that come in, obtaining, e.g., source anddestination IP and port and protocol for each packet, or otherinformation required to identify a keepalive packet. If it is akeepalive, the packet may be silently discarded, in some embodiments, orsent to the RAN base station with a metadata flag indicating that it isa keepalive. The RAN may choose to allocate fewer or no resource blocks(RBs) to deliver the keepalive message, and may prioritize theallocation of RBs to other network users. In some embodiments, deeppacket inspection may be used where shallow packet inspection isotherwise identified herein.

In some embodiments, a similar technique may be used to preemptivelyterminate TCP connections. Typically, in TCP, one side closes itsconnection by sending a FIN packet, which is answered by the remote sideby an ACK packet. The other side then may close its connection bysending its own FIN and receiving its own ACK. However, it is possibleto “half-close” a TCP connection by indicating that one end of a TCPconnection is closed and not indicating that the other side is closed.For example, the second network node in the connection may choose not tosend the second FIN packet. This results in leftover state at the firstnetwork node, which can result in a UE not going to IDLE andconsequently wasting power until a lengthy timeout timer has expired.

To solve this problem, the upstream gateway may simulate to the RAN thata FIN has been received. The UE will then respond by completely closingthe TCP connection and may go to IDLE. The upstream gateway may or maynot subsequently wait for the remote end of the TCP connection terminateits connection.

In another embodiment, the inventors have appreciated that the RAN node,e.g., the base station or the eNodeB, has access to a significant amountof information that would be useful for optimizing performance of mediaflows, but that this information is not being made available to performflow control, transrating, and other functions. In order to facilitatethis, the inventors have contemplated the use of the coordinatingupstream gateway as a back-to-back user agent (B2BUA) as describedelsewhere herein, with additional improvements to enable the upstreamgateway to provide improved flow control and transrating/transcoding.

Handovers have mechanisms, such as X2 data forwarding from the sourcebase station to the target base station, that are meant to pass alongdata to the UE at its new serving cell. However, these mechanisms do notwork effectively for low-latency, high-bandwidth video and otherdemanding real-time data flows. This results in a sudden loss in qualityafter the connection is handed over. This also results in a large amountof traffic being handed over unnecessarily from the source cell to thetarget cell.

At the base station, when a UE moves out to the cell edge or enters intoa coverage area of a new cell, its signal at its serving cell becomesweaker, as evidenced by UE measurement reports and falling signal tonoise ratio (SINR), received signal strength indication (RSSI),reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal receivedquality (RSRQ), and other signaling strength metrics. Using at leastthese signal strength metrics, or optionally other metrics such aspredictive analytics (such as described by U.S. patent application Ser.No. 14/936,267, PWS-71775US01), the base station is often able todetermine that a UE should be handed over to another base station. Insome cases the base station is able to initiate a handover; in othercases the base station is able to predict a UE-initiated handover. Thesemechanisms can be used to ameliorate the above problem.

In some embodiments, the serving base station which becomes aware of theimpending handover of the UE informs a coordinating upstream gatewaynode. The upstream node is informed prospectively, before the handoveroccurs. The determination of UE handover may be made in various ways asdescribed elsewhere herein. The upstream node may be serving as a B2BUAfor serving the media flow, as described elsewhere herein.

Once the upstream node is notified that a handover will be initiated, itmay immediately stop delivering data to the serving cell. This resultsin less data being required to be passed along from the serving cell tothe target cell.

The upstream node may also provide transrating or transcoding tooptionally provide lower quality video even while the handover ishappening, by serving the data to the serving cell. Transcoding ortransrating may be performed at the upstream node, or the upstream nodemay request and pass along lower quality media from the media's originalsource.

Once the handover is complete, the full quality video is immediatelydelivered to the target cell. Since the B2BUA is acting to hide thedeterioration of quality from the media's source server, the fullquality video has been sitting in a buffer at the upstream node and isimmediately available to be sent. As well, the media source server hascontinued to deliver data in a timely manner without gaps to the B2BUA,which may permit the user to continue watching live video withoutinterruption.

FIG. 1 is a system diagram showing a backhaul mesh network, inaccordance with some embodiments. Upstream gateway 101 has a contentcaching server functionality, and is located at the edge of a corenetwork (not shown); gateway 101 is between the RAN and the corenetwork. Base stations 102, 103, 104, 105, 106 are in a mesh cluster viaWi-Fi in a many-to-many topology. UE 107 is attached and connected tobase station 105 only. However, in this example, the most direct routebetween UE 107 and gateway 101, via the radio link between base station105 and base station 103, is not desirable, either because ofcongestion, poor link quality, or another reason. In this case the meshnetwork is able to reroute data from gateway 101 to base station 102, tobase station 103, to base station 104, to base station 106, to basestation 105 and to UE 107. In some embodiments, this route may beassigned or pushed down from gateway 101; in some embodiments, gateway101 may obtain link quality and base station load, etc., from each ofthe base stations and may use this information to determine the bestroute. In some embodiments, the mesh network cluster itself may identifythe best route.

FIG. 2 is a second system diagram showing a mesh network with multiplebackhaul options, in accordance with some embodiments. Macro cell 221 isin communication with a gateway node 201, which is located at the edgeof, and is in communication with, core network 218, which is alsoconnected to the Internet 208. Macro cell 221 is in communication withthe gateway node via both X2 and Iu interfaces. In some embodiments, anS1 interface or another interface may be supported as well or in placeof these interfaces. The macro node is connected to the gateway node viaa fiber connection (fiber backhaul).

Gateway node 201 supports, hosts or includes a number of functionalmodules, each of which may be used to support one or more of the meshbase stations and any UEs attached thereto. These modules include aself-organizing network (SON) module 213, an X2 brokering/inter-cellinterference cancellation (ICIC) module 212, an S1 aggregation handoffoptimization module 211, a security gateway module 210, a mobile edgecomputing cache (content cache) module 209, a small cell gateway/homeeNodeB gateway (HENBGW) module 207, a homeNodeB gateway/Iuh proxy module206, a mesh/software-defined networking (SDN) module 205, and a Wi-Fiintegration module 204.

Turning to the radio access network, macro cell 221 is also incommunication with mesh base station 219 via a fiber connection, whichis a first backhaul link for the mesh network described below. Macrocell 221 is also in communication with base station 217 via an in-band,e.g., licensed, wireless backhaul connection. Base station 217 isconnected via Wi-Fi (unlicensed backhaul) to base station 216. This is asecond backhaul link for the mesh described below, and constitutesunlicensed assist (ULA) backhaul.

Base stations 219, 220, 215, and 216 are also connected in amany-to-many mesh network. This mesh network has several backhaulmodalities: unlicensed assist (ULA) via base station 219 to macro 221;unlicensed assist via base stations 216 and 217 which is also connectedvia license-assisted backhaul (LAB) to macro 221; and wired backhaul viaEthernet from base station 215 to Internet 214, which permits access togateway 201. A UE connected to one of the mesh nodes would have thebenefit of all of these backhaul connections, shared or pooled among allthe base stations in the mesh.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram showing teardown of a TCP connection, inaccordance with some embodiments. UE 301 is in communication viaupstream gateway 302 with remote server 303. UE 301′s serving eNodeB isomitted for simplicity in the diagram. At step 306, UE 301 closes itsconnection down by sending a FIN packet, which is forwarded by gateway303 to remote server 302 at step 304. At step 305, the remote serversends an ACK, which is forwarded back to the UE at step 307. However,the connection is now still only half-closed.

At step 308, immediately or after a very short timer (such as 1 ms orotherwise far shorter than a standard TCP connection timer, which mayhave a timer period of 2 minutes to 4 minutes), the upstream gateway 302may act as a B2BUA to intervene in the connection by sending a FINpacket to UE 301. UE 301 understands that the connection is now fullyclosed, sends ACK packet 309, and closes down its TCP connection andreleases all resources. UE 301 may, in some instances, go to an IDLEmode and disconnect from the network, saving power and reducing resourceusage in the network. Upstream gateway 302 may or may not receive afinal FIN 310 and send a final ACK 311 to remote server 302, but eitherway resources at the UE and RAN have already been saved.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing keepalive handling, in accordance withsome embodiments. At step 401, data is received from the network for agiven UE at a coordinating gateway that is between an evolved packetcore (EPC) and the serving base station; shallow packet inspection isused to determine whether a message is a keepalive or not. Once themessage is known to be a keepalive, processing passes to step 402. Atstep 402, if the UE is in an IDLE state (e.g., in a power save state andnot able to be contacted without paging), processing passes to step 403,where the keepalive message is silently discarded. If the UE is not inan IDLE state and is connected, at step 404, the data may be sent alongto the serving eNodeB with metadata indicating that it is a keepalivepacket.

At the eNodeB, two steps are performed concurrently. At step 405, thescheduler at the eNodeB allocates resource blocks normally to all usersother than the UE which will be receiving only the keepalive packet. Atstep 406, the eNodeB schedules the delivery of the keepalive message,but allocates fewer resource blocks and/or gives the keepalive a lowerpriority.

Deep packet inspection may be used in place of or to supplement shallowpacket inspection in various embodiments described herein.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing predictive buffering with flow control, inaccordance with some embodiments. The flowchart boxes on the left in theflowchart are steps performed by the upstream gateway, and the boxes onthe right are steps performed by the eNodeB in this figure, although adifferent division of steps may be contemplated by one having skill inthe art. The upstream gateway is located at the edge of the corenetwork, i.e., between the eNodeB and the core network.

At step 511, the gateway is receiving and buffering video from a remotevideo server intended for a UE. At step 512, the gateway passes video tothe eNodeB. Processing continues at the gateway; concurrently, at step521, the eNodeB streams video to the UE. At step 522, the eNodeB detectscongestion or poor radio link quality, etc., as described elsewhereherein. A HARQ counter may exceed a given threshold, in someembodiments. Once congestion has been detected, at step 523, the eNodeBmessages the B2BUA at the gateway. Back at step 513, the gatewayreceives the congestion message. However, at step 514, to prevent TCPbackoff from occurring between the gateway and the remote video server,the gateway does not slow down the rate at which it receives video fromthe video server, effectively silencing the congestion message.

At step 515, to prevent the UE from continuing to send HARQ requests onthe now-known bad radio link, the gateway slows delivery of data to theeNodeB and buffers additional data. At step 524, concurrently, theeNodeB has determined that the UE is performing a radio change, such asgoing to a lower-speed modulation, and sends a notification to thegateway via, e.g., a special X2AP message or a special API. At step 516,the gateway waits for the radio change to complete and then sends asmuch of the buffered video to the eNodeB as makes sense given the radiolink quality reported by the eNodeB. At step 525, the appropriatequantity of video data is sent to the UE at a radio link-appropriaterate.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing video streaming with handover prediction,in accordance with some embodiments. At step 601, a user has requested avideo at the user's device (the UE), and video is now streaming to thedevice from a remote server through a upstream gateway node located atthe edge of an operator core network through to a radio access network(RAN) serving eNodeB base station. The upstream gateway node is actingas a B2BUA to present a uniform stream of data at an appropriate datarate to the eNodeB, and to insulate the remote server from changes tothe radio link quality at the UE.

At step 602, the serving eNodeB for the UE detects a change in thesignal quality of the UE; this may be, for example, a notification fromthe UE that it is initiating a handover to a target node, or a falloffin signal strength as identified by a measurement report, or a number ofHARQ requests that exceeds a threshold, in each case being an event thatwill result in a handover. At step 603, the eNodeB informs the upstreamgateway node, either via an API call or via an X2AP message or othermessage. The message may be prospective, i.e., before the handoveroccurs; the message may also be sent as close in time as possible to theinitiation of the handover.

At step 604, the upstream node receives the prospective handovermessage. However, as it is acting as a proxy and B2BUA, it is able toelect not to pass any information along to the video streaming server,and with respect to the streaming server continues receiving the videoand placing its data in a buffer. The upstream node may immediatelyelect not to deliver the video to the serving eNodeB. This preventsHARQs from occurring at the UE and reduces the data that must betransferred between the serving eNodeB and the target node to completethe handover.

The handover itself is performed according to the typical 3GPP handoverprocedure. As the upstream node is positioned as a gateway between theeNodeB and the core network, it also sits between at least the servingeNodeB and the mobility management entity (MME) in the core network. Itis able, therefore to determine when the handover is complete. Once thehandover completes, the upstream node is made aware of the handovercompletion and sends the data in the buffer directly to the targeteNodeB.

At step 605, the upstream node may optionally provide lower qualityvideo during the handover. During the handover, although the UE istemporarily not receiving data while it performs radio resource control(RRC) reconfiguration, the source eNodeB may continue to receive dataand may forward the received data via a tunnel to the target eNodeB.Video data may be sent during this time from the upstream node; duringthe handover it is possible to provide lower quality video data, e.g.,by reducing the resolution of the video or changing the bitrate.

At step 606 and 607, two options for providing the lower-quality videoare shown. At step 606, the upstream node itself is called upon to takethe video data that is currently stored in a buffer, and to performtranscoding/transrating of that video to a lower quality before sendingthe video down to the UE via the source eNodeB or target eNB. This doesnot require the upstream node to contact the video server but it doesrequire the upstream node to perform a relatively computationallyintensive procedure. At step 607, the upstream node may instead requesttranscoding/transrating from the content server, or may request a lowerquality that may be available without transcoding, etc. This requiresthe upstream node to directly contact the video server as the B2BUA. Ofcourse, in some embodiments, transcoding or transrating may be performedon any video passing through the upstream node, as described generallyherein, not just during a handover.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an enhanced base station, in accordancewith some embodiments. Enhanced base station 700 may be an eNodeB foruse with LTE, and may include processor 702, processor memory 704 incommunication with the processor, baseband processor 706, and basebandprocessor memory 708 in communication with the baseband processor.Enhanced eNodeB 700 may also include first radio transceiver 710 andsecond radio transceiver 712, internal universal serial bus (USB) port716, and subscriber information module card (SIM card) 718 coupled toUSB port 714. In some embodiments, the second radio transceiver 712itself may be coupled to USB port 716, and communications from thebaseband processor may be passed through USB port 716.

Processor 702 may communicate with an upstream gateway viaself-organizing network (SON) coordination module 731, which may performthe buffering, flow control, radio congestion identification, X2APcommunication, and other functions described herein. The SON module maybe configured to provide transmit power increase/decrease functionality,radio band switching functionality, or communications with anotherremote SON module providing, for example, these types of functionality,in some embodiments.

Baseband processor 706 may generate and receive radio signals for bothradio transceivers 710 and 712, based on instructions from processor702. In some embodiments, processors 702 and 706 may be on the samephysical logic board. In other embodiments, they may be on separatelogic boards.

The first radio transceiver 710 may be a radio transceiver capable ofproviding LTE eNodeB functionality, and may be capable of higher powerand multi-channel OFDMA. The second radio transceiver 712 may be a radiotransceiver capable of providing LTE UE functionality. Both transceivers710 and 712 are capable of receiving and transmitting on one or more LTEbands. In some embodiments, either or both of transceivers 710 and 712may be capable of providing both LTE eNodeB and LTE UE functionality.Transceiver 710 may be coupled to processor 702 via a PeripheralComponent Interconnect-Express (PCI-E) bus, and/or via a daughtercard.As transceiver 712 is for providing LTE UE functionality, in effectemulating a user equipment, it may be connected via the same ordifferent PCI-E bus, or by a USB bus, and may also be coupled to SIMcard 718.

SIM card 718 may provide information required for authenticating thesimulated UE to the evolved packet core (EPC). When no access to anoperator EPC is available, local EPC 720 may be used, or another localEPC on the network may be used. This information may be stored withinthe SIM card, and may include one or more of an international mobileequipment identity (IMEI), international mobile subscriber identity(IMSI), or other parameter needed to identify a UE. Special parametersmay also be stored in the SIM card or provided by the processor duringprocessing to identify to a target eNodeB that device 700 is not anordinary UE but instead is a special UE for providing backhaul to device700.

Wired backhaul or wireless backhaul may be used. Wired backhaul may bean Ethernet-based backhaul (including Gigabit Ethernet), or afiber-optic backhaul connection, or a cable-based backhaul connection,in some embodiments. Additionally, wireless backhaul may be provided inaddition to wireless transceivers 710 and 712, which may be Wi-Fi702.11a/b/g/n/ac/ad/ah, Bluetooth, ZigBee, microwave (includingline-of-sight microwave), or another wireless backhaul connection. Anyof the wired and wireless connections may be used for either access orbackhaul, according to identified network conditions and needs, and maybe under the control of processor 702 for reconfiguration.

Other elements and/or modules may also be included, such as a homeeNodeB, a local gateway (LGW), etc. Additional radio amplifiers, radiotransceivers and/or wired network connections may also be included.

Processor 702 and baseband processor 706 are in communication with oneanother. Processor 702 may perform routing functions in conjunction withbackhaul/routing coordination module 730, and may determine if/when aswitch in network configuration is needed. Routes, backhaul information,and other information may be stored in module 730 or in a database,table, or in-memory data structure in memory 703.

Processor 702 may identify the appropriate network configuration, andmay perform routing of packets from one network interface to anotheraccordingly. Processor 702 may use memory 704, in particular to store arouting table to be used for routing packets, and may use memory 704 tostore one or more routing table of routing coordination module 730.Routes may be pushed to other mesh nodes as required by rules inbackhaul/routing coordination module 730 or based on instructionsreceived at SON coordination module 731 from other nodes or from anupstream coordinating server.

Baseband processor 706 may perform operations to generate the radiofrequency signals for transmission or retransmission by bothtransceivers 710 and 712. Baseband processor 706 may also performoperations to decode signals received by transceivers 710 and 712.Baseband processor 706 may use memory 708 to perform these tasks.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a coordinating gateway, in accordancewith some embodiments. Coordinating gateway 800 includes processor 802and memory 804, which are configured to provide the functions describedherein. Also present are radio access network coordination/X2/X2+signaling (RAN Coordination and signaling) module 806, back to back useragent (B2BUA) and media buffer 808, and core network virtualizationmodule 810. In some embodiments, coordinator server 800 may coordinatemultiple RANs using coordination module 806. In some embodiments,coordination server may also provide proxying, routing virtualizationand RAN virtualization, via module 810. In some embodiments, bufferingand proxying of media may be performed by module 808. In someembodiments, a downstream network interface 812 is provided forinterfacing with the RANs, which may be a radio interface (e.g., LTE),and an upstream network interface 814 is provided for interfacing withthe core network, which may be either a radio interface (e.g., LTE) or awired interface (e.g., Ethernet). Signaling suppression functions asdescribed within may be performed in module 806.

Coordinating gateway 800 includes local evolved packet core (EPC) module820, for authenticating users, storing and caching priority profileinformation, and performing other EPC-dependent functions when nobackhaul link is available. Local EPC 820 may include local HSS 822,local MME 824, local SGW 826, and local PGW 828, as well as othermodules. Local EPC 820 may incorporate these modules as softwaremodules, processes, or containers. Local EPC 820 may alternativelyincorporate these modules as a small number of monolithic softwareprocesses. Modules 806, 808, 810 and local EPC 820 may each run onprocessor 802 or on another processor, or may be located within anotherdevice.

In some embodiments, the radio transceivers described herein may be basestations compatible with a Long Term Evolution (LTE) radio transmissionprotocol or air interface. The LTE-compatible base stations may beeNodeBs. In addition to supporting the LTE protocol, the base stationsmay also support other air interfaces, such as UMTS/HSPA, CDMA/CDMA2000,GSM/EDGE, GPRS, EVDO, other 3G/2G, legacy TDD, or other air interfacesused for mobile telephony. In some embodiments, the base stationsdescribed herein may support Wi-Fi air interfaces, which may include oneor more of IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/af/p/h. In some embodiments, the basestations described herein may support IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), to LTEtransmissions in unlicensed frequency bands (e.g., LTE-U, LicensedAccess or LA-LTE), to LTE transmissions using dynamic spectrum access(DSA), to radio transceivers for ZigBee, Bluetooth, or other radiofrequency protocols, or other air interfaces. Although the presentdisclosure uses LTE as an exemplary embodiment, the other protocols orair interfaces, such as the various air interfaces listed in thisparagraph, may be substituted as would be apparent to one having skillin the art.

The words “stream,” “flow,” and others used herein may have the samemeaning as used herein. The techniques described herein may be used withany real-time data stream, including video, voice, voice-over-IP (VOIP),interactive sessions, guaranteed bit rate data, emergency data,management data, or other time-sensitive data. Other protocols may beused instead of, e.g., TCP, including stream control transmissionprotocol (SCTP).

Those skilled in the art will recognize that multiple hardware andsoftware configurations may be used depending upon the access protocol,backhaul protocol, duplexing scheme, or operating frequency band byadding or replacing daughtercards to the dynamic multi-RAT node.Presently, there are radio cards that can be used for the varying radioparameters. Accordingly, the multi-RAT nodes of the present inventionmay be designed to contain as many radio cards as desired given theradio parameters of heterogeneous mesh networks within which themulti-RAT node is likely to operate. Those of skill in the art willrecognize that, to the extent an off-the shelf radio card is notavailable to accomplish transmission/reception in a particular radioparameter, a radio card capable of performing, e.g., in white spacefrequencies, would not be difficult to design.

Those of skill in the art will also recognize that hardware may embodysoftware, software may be stored in hardware as firmware, and variousmodules and/or functions may be performed or provided either as hardwareor software depending on the specific needs of a particular embodiment.

In any of the scenarios described herein, where processing may beperformed at the cell, the processing may also be performed incoordination with a cloud coordination server. The eNodeB may be incommunication with the cloud coordination server via an X2 protocolconnection, or another connection. The eNodeB may perform inter-cellcoordination via the cloud communication server, when other cells are incommunication with the cloud coordination server. The eNodeB maycommunicate with the cloud coordination server to determine whether theUE has the ability to support a handover to Wi-Fi, e.g., in aheterogeneous network.

Although the methods above are described as separate embodiments, one ofskill in the art would understand that it would be possible anddesirable to combine several of the above methods into a singleembodiment, or to combine disparate methods into a single embodiment.For example, all of the above methods may be combined. In the scenarioswhere multiple embodiments are described, the methods may be combined insequential order, in various orders as necessary.

Although certain of the above systems and methods for providinginterference mitigation are described in reference to the Long TermEvolution (LTE) standard, one of skill in the art would understand thatthese systems and methods may be adapted for use with other wirelessstandards or versions thereof.

In some embodiments, the software needed for implementing the methodsand procedures described herein may be implemented in a high levelprocedural or an object-oriented language such as C, C++, C#, Python,Java, or Perl. The software may also be implemented in assembly languageif desired. Packet processing implemented in a network device caninclude any processing determined by the context. For example, packetprocessing may involve high-level data link control (HDLC) framing,header compression, and/or encryption. In some embodiments, softwarethat, when executed, causes a device to perform the methods describedherein may be stored on a computer-readable medium such as read-onlymemory (ROM), programmable-read-only memory (PROM), electricallyerasable programmable-read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, or amagnetic disk that is readable by a general or specialpurpose-processing unit to perform the processes described in thisdocument. The processors can include any microprocessor (single ormultiple core), system on chip (SoC), microcontroller, digital signalprocessor (DSP), graphics processing unit (GPU), or any other integratedcircuit capable of processing instructions such as an x86microprocessor.

Although the present disclosure has been described and illustrated inthe foregoing example embodiments, it is understood that the presentdisclosure has been made only by way of example, and that numerouschanges in the details of implementation of the disclosure may be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure, which islimited only by the claims which follow. Various components in thedevices described herein may be added, removed, or substituted withthose having the same or similar functionality. Various steps asdescribed in the figures and specification may be added or removed fromthe processes described herein, and the steps described may be performedin an alternative order, consistent with the spirit of the invention.Features of one embodiment may be used in another embodiment. Otherembodiments are within the following claims.

1. A method comprising: receiving, at an upstream gateway node, a videodata flow; sending, from the upstream gateway node, the video data flowto a Radio Access Network (RAN); receiving, at the upstream gatewaynode, a congestion control message from the RAN based on a request forretransmission of a portion of the video data flow at the RAN to a UserEquipment (UE); determining, at the upstream gateway node, via shallowpacket inspection on the portion of the video data flow, that theportion of the video data flow is not a message containing no contentand is not a request for acknowledgement to keep a connection alive; andperforming, at the upstream gateway node, flow control of the video dataflow based on the congestion control message.
 2. The method of claim 1further comprising buffering, at the upstream gateway node, the videodata flow.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the congestion controlmessage is received at the upstream gateway node using an X2 ApplicationProtocol (X2AP) message.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the congestioncontrol message comprises a message indicating that: a hybrid automaticrepeat request (HARQ) request was received at the RAN; that a radiomodulation change is imminent; that a signal to noise ratio at an eNodeBfor the UE has crossed a threshold; or that a UE is expected to performa handover.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein performing, at the upstreamgateway node, flow control may comprise: avoiding video retransmissionsand backoff; buffering the video data flow; or sending videoretransmission requests to cause the video data flow to be regulated ata particular data rate.
 6. The method of claim 1 further comprisingmaintaining, at the upstream gateway node, a transport control protocol(TCP) timer for performing flow control of the video data flow; andmaintaining, at the RAN, a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) timer.7. The method of claim 1 further comprising performing transcoding ortransrating of the video data flow at the upstream gateway node.